Compare and Contrast Essay Samples 5th Grade

Compare and Contrast Essay Samples 5th GradeCompare and contrast essay samples, no matter what grade you are writing in, are always useful to bring fresh ideas to your topic. The different forms of essays such as the essay, thesis, dissertation, and the research paper are just a few of the varied kinds that you will encounter in your degree studies.Lastly, please think about the title of your essay. If you are studying for an AP exam, you may wish to write 'AP Literature and Culture'AP Spanish Literature' for example. With this being said, let's get started with these samples of essay samples.Many people out there assume that what used to be considered as academic writing now come under the heading of the essay, however in truth, it has undergone some recent changes. The main reason for this is that so many things have changed in society that its purpose had changed, and there is only one objective left; that is to persuade and convince others. They may be people like your professor, classmates, your boss, and even your parents.The first type of essay samples that you are likely to encounter in school is the thesis essay. Theses are the focus of your major, which means that you must be competent at writing these.To begin with, I would recommend you to compare and contrast essay samples of this kind. The topics that you want to address can be anything that you can think of.The first thing that you can start with is the use of facts that you can find in the literature of the last fifty years. Make sure that you use the facts, and you should also use interesting and good sounding words so that the reader is compelled to read your paper.Finally, make sure that you give the information clearly and concisely, or else the readers will not know what to think. All the facts that you are giving in your paper must be relevant to the topic that you are writing on.

Analysis Of Christopher Columbus Voyages - 1234 Words

There is no place on Earth that is not already victim to our stereotypes and generalizations. If one were to name any continent on the planet, an image would immediately be conjured up in our minds that paints the picture of our perception of that entire region. While there may be millions of diverse people, cultures, and landscapes that make up said region, one image will epitomize our characterization of it. Essentially, this image illustrates our stereotype of the region. Stereotypes often form the basis of our perspectives of foreign lands and the people they inhabit. Often, these perspectives are ignorant to reality. Whether it be a continent, country, culture, or any social or geographical entity, stereotypes are ingrained in our psyche, making a profound impact on our thoughts, actions, and understandings towards foreign lands and peoples during our travel experiences. At the time of Christopher Columbus’ voyages, Europeans were seeing themselves as superior beings as a result of the renaissance endorsing humanist ideals. In 1486, six years before the first voyage of Columbus, Italian renaissance humanist Pico della Mirandola published â€Å"Oration on the Dignity of Man.† The book, advocating the potential capabilities of mankind, epitomized the renaissance literary movement Europe was experiencing. Mirandola writes, â€Å"Let some holy ambition invade our souls, so that, dissatisfied with mediocrity, we shall eagerly desire the highest things and shall toil with all ourShow MoreRelatedWho Really Discovered America Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesthat American culture today attributes its geographic discovery to a man named Christopher Columbus? Could it be that he was the first European to claim this land as part of an Imperialistic expansion or is it merely out of convenience for the history books? It is known that the American co ntinent was populated by 1000 AD which is long before settlements by Viking fisherman and even longer before the arrival of Columbus. In spite of this fact every October, we as a culture celebrate a holiday in honorRead MoreColumbus Day and Christopher Columbus Essay611 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"In fourteen hundred ninety-two, Columbus sailed the ocean blue†, starts the beginning of one of history’s biggest fabrications. We teach our children to be honest and truthful, but then lie to them for the first six to eight years of their educational lives about their own history. For in fact, Columbus did not discover America and did not unveil the myth regarding the world being flat. At the moment, I have yet to discover if Christopher Columbus ever discovered anything at all. Knowing the meaningRead MoreThe Age Old Question Of Who Discovered America1421 Words   |  6 Pagesjustified or thought of to have arrived, lived, or landed in America before Christopher Columbus e ven thought about sailing. The Native Americans were in fact living in America when the colonists came over from England. The question that remains unanswered, however, is how and when the Native Americans settled in America. The internet article, â€Å"Native Americans migrated to the New World in three waves, Harvard-led DNA analysis shows† by Carolyn Y. Johnson, talks about where and when the first threeRead MoreChristopher Columbus : The Discovery Of New Land1041 Words   |  5 Pages Christopher Columbus was born in Genova, Italy, in 1451. At a young age, Columbus found himself interested on traveling, and how the Earth was constituted. He had made innumerable voyages. On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus set out on a journey from Puerto de Palos, in search of new lands. His crew was composed of three caravels (La Pinta, La Nià ±a, and La Santa Maria), and a crew of 120 men total. On October 12, 1492, thirty three days after he departed on his new journey, Columbus landedRead MoreNative American Literature King s A Coyote s Coyote1362 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom Louisa McDermott’s Coyote Kills the Giant, to the plain unwise and meddlesome such as Coyote from Thomas King’s A Coyote Columbus Story. If one wants to examine Native American literature King’s and McDermott’s Coyote stories can be used to endorse an in depth investigation. Humour, irony, and proper oral techniques in both, Coyote Kills the Giant and A Coyote Columbus Story, demonstrate that Coyote stories can not only be fun and foolish, but also educational and powerful. Humor, being a vitalRead MoreAn Analysis Of Christopher Columbus And The Native Narrative On Disease And Medicine1083 Words   |  5 PagesThis analysis will take a look at the works of three early American writers and how each of their arguments were conceived to match their individual viewpoints. The three writings we will be taking a look at examine how each author in said writings develops an argument based on the text. We will also be examine how each author’s argument is a reflection on Early American culture. We will be reflecting on writings of Benjamin Franklin, Christopher Columbus, and The Native Narrative. Each have a uniqueRead MoreEssay Christopher Columbus1212 Words   |  5 Pages Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in fourteen-hundred-ninty-two. He came over from Spain in three ships, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria and discovered America, or at least that was what I was taught in elementary school. Since then there has been much controversy going on over the issue of weather or not Christopher Columbus really â€Å"discovered† America because when he landed in San Salvador he was not alone. Native Americans already inhabited the land and they had been thereRead MoreImmigration And The United States Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pages Immigration has been a major uprising debate in the United States ever since immigrants immigrated from European countries in the late 1400s. It all started when Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492 by accident and took everything away from the Native Americans. Today more than one million people are coming into the United States from many different counties and for many different reasons. The main reason they are coming to the United States is for a better life, they come here chasingRead MoreImpact Of International Communications On Public Safety894 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishing and maintaining an empire, as well as the security and prosperity of its citizens, as shown through their extensive use by the Roman and Sassanian Empires around 100 B.C.E., among others. Beginning in the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus’ voyages to the newly discovered Americas marked the onset of arguably the most highly influential period in history - The Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange, known as a major turning point of international communication history, was theRead MoreA People s History Of The Us1758 Words   |  8 Pagesthe different perspectives on Christopher Columbus of historian Howard Zinn, as well as the impacts created by the arrival of Columbus to â€Å"The New World† in the history of the United States. Zinn’s book, A People’s History of the US, reveals to us the truth about Columbus and his arrival to the â€Å"New World†. In other words, Zinn teaches us that the history of Columbus that has been narrated to us when we are in school, is false and different to the real story of Columbus in the â€Å"The New World†. It is

Project Quality and Resource Management-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Project Quality and Resource Management. Answer: Introduction The success of any project is largely attributable to its planning process(Munns Bjeirmi, 2012, p. 82). Project planning is the process that entails determining the goals, scope, timeframe, resources and essential steps that will facilitate the achievement of the objective objectives(Muller Turner, 2016, p. 298). Project planning process results in the project management plan(Devi Reddy, 2014, p. 684). The project management plan must comprise all the critical activities, events and any other element that is deemed vital for its execution. To achieve a successful project implementation, requires the project manager to have a comprehensive project plan that defines the process and the approach the project management team will use to execute the project according to its scope(Gregory, 2012). Every project irrespective how comprehensive, big and lengthy it is, needs a plan that will keep the project team in line with its scope and deadlines. Additionally, the project plan acts a tool of communicating fundamental information to the project stakeholders. According to Stare (2014, p. 296), this s an integral part of any project. The project plan is more than dates, and therefore, it is the duty of the project managers to make sure that it is designed at the appropriate time. Ideally, the project plan preparation should be close to the date of starting the actual project execution. This because project plan determines the whole process of the project and any deviation from the project requirements, it may lead to the crumbling of the whole project(Iivari Iivari, 2013, p. 510). However, there are those who argue that the planning of the project should be made early enough before the implementation of the actual project. Based on the above conflicting arguments this paper will strive to discuss how comprehensive project plan before the start of the project facilitates to effective governance of the project. Secondly, the paper will examine whether detailed project planning is most effective immediately before the start of the project. Thirdly, the paper will analyze different opinions and suggestions from different sources and authors about the planning of the project. In the discussion about the arguments on project planning, the paper will revolve around that argument that "Detailed project planning upfront at the start of the project is essential to support effective governance of projects and ensure that projects are delivering value to the organization. Contribution of Detailed Planning Before the Start of the Project For the detailed project planning to be contributive in the project implementation, it must address some critical questions(Muller Turner, 2016, p. 302). First, the project plan should elaborate the major deliverables of the project. Secondly, the deadline for the project activities and a team that will be accrued with the responsibility of ensuring the execution of the project activities. Thirdly, defining the project team and the role each team will play in the in the planned project deliverables. Fourth, the timeframe available for the team to meet the project deliverables. Fifth, the available resources to facilitate the execution of all project activities. Sixth, the project plan must have available alternatives on how to deal with variances in the project. With the observance of the above issues, the plan will be able to offer benefits associated with the detailed project plan. Detailed planning before the start of the project helps in allocating tasks. All the project tasks must be allocated to specific team or person. With comprehensive project plan, will help the project manager to avoid assigning a single tasks to more than one team or group, a practice that results in conflict of interests( Serrador Pinto, 2015, p. 1042). Also, having a detailed project plan facilitates the clear allocation of responsibilities and get rid of the mismatch of the skills set. Again, a project plan will enable the project manager to break the complicated task into smaller and more distinct parts and allocate them the different specific teams(Gregory, 2012, p. 18). project manager to manage the risks that may occur during the implementation of the project. It is evident that projects are prone to the problems and risks. However, with the good project plan, all the risks will be monitored and managed appropriately(Martinsuo, 2013, p. 780). The project plan contains anticipated risks that might occur at the various stages of the project execution. This is followed by laying down the plans on how to deal with these risks in the event they occur. These are some of the basic aspects of managing risks that detailed project plan addresses(Munns Bjeirmi, 2012, p. 84). Besides, project managers can carry out a risk assessment to determine how some of the risks can be avoided. Resource management is another contribution provided by the detail project plan before the starting of the actual project. In the project plan, the project manager and team will identify all the essential capital resources that will be used in the execution of the project(Serrado Turner, 2013). This will enable the smooth running of the project without equipment failure, staffing changes or inventory shortages. Besides, the project manager can use project plan to reschedule resources to make sure the potential losses or wastages are avoided. For example, the manager can adopt a strategy of delaying some of the projects to save extra resources that be required. Detailed project plan, identifies the weaknesses that may accrue in the project during implementation. Project weaknesses may hamper the progress, cause delays or force the project to demand extra resources(Abdullah et al., 2011, p. 86). However, with a good project plan in place, all the weaknesses that might accrue the project will be identified and appropriate strategies put in place to address them in case they occur. According to Kerzner (2009, p. 37) effective project planning evaluates the activities of the planned project and identify the weak spots and provide corrective measures in the event, they contribute to risks. Some of the weaknesses that can be addressed by the sound project planning include competing priorities, reallocation of budget and resource shortages. Finally, sound project planning is the reason behind effective budget planning(Gregory, 2012, p. 12). Projects execution requires the employment of the resources. Bearing in mind that resources are always limited, good budget planning in needed to avoid wastage and high costs that might get in as the result of poor planning(Seymour, 2014, p. 235). With project planning in place, the project manager will be able to create realistic estimates that will aid the execution of all the project activities. Alternatively, the good project plan will allow the creation of the budget plan that permits the injection of extra resources in the event of uncertainties that may contribute to the employment of extra resources than outlined in the budget plan. Effectiveness of the Project Planning Up Front the Project In the above discussion, it has come out clear that project planning is very important for the governance of the project. However, the critical debate has continued to exist on what is the right time to have a project plan. Many scholars have argued it would be appropriate to have project plan within the significant time before the start of the project. On the other side, other authors have argued that agile project methodologies provide the best practices of project management and therefore the project plan should be made immediately before the start of the project. The argument between the two different groups of authors brings in confusion in what is the best methodology to adopt. This paper finds that the two approaches are important and therefore recommends that both of them should be applied. This discussion holds that both strategies of preparing the project plan will have the benefits during the governance of the project implementation. In the earlier discussion, this paper looks more on the benefits of having a project plan early enough before the starting of the actual project. It is also important to evaluate some of the benefits associated with having a project plan immediately before the starting of the project. In the discussion below, this paper will explore some of the advantages of having a project upfront to the start of the project. Upfront project planning has proved to be one of the critical elements surrounding the project management. Therefore, before the start of the project, the project manager should set enough time to enable him to have a well-organized, productive and successful project plan. Upfront project planning eliminates the changes that comes in when the project is about to start(Niranjan, 2015, p. 451). Having the project plan early before its actual start-up may cause the project to suffer from the changes that should be included in the complete project plan before its commencement. Those you stress on having the plan early before the start of the project disregard project plan as a mere document that should be designed and put in storage to allow the project team to get in the real work(Martinsuo, 2013, p. 796). However, preparing the project plan at the commencement of the project gives an opportunity to the project manager to lead and direct his team appropriately. Having a project plan created upfront to the project will facilitate to effective management of the people. It will help the project manager to determine the number of people and the skill portfolio that will be necessary to ensure that the objectives and the goals of the project are achieved. According to Hewagamage Hewagamage (2011, p. 93) assessing the skills needed for the running of the project immediately before the start of the project is the secret behind the successful project execution. This because project execution is prone to dynamics and therefore, having the project plan at the early stages of the project, it will help the project manager to make necessary changes in the already completed project plan. The projects are full of uncertainties. What had been included in the project plan a few months before the start of the project may be irrelevant at the begging of the project. However, having an up-front project will help to address these uncertainties appropriately. Therefore, it is important to have a project plan almost at the startup of the project to help in reducing the uncertainties that might occur(Seymour, 2014, p. 235). According to O'Sheedy (2012, p. 31) having a project plan designed at the beginning of the project helps to assess the current project environment and anticipate the uncertainties that are likely to hamper its success and productivity. This should be accompanied by the appropriate corrective measures that should be applied to counteract the uncertainties in the event of their occurrence. Upfront project planning increases understanding. As the paper has noted in the above paragraph, projects exist in the dynamic environment and what was perceived to be suitable project environment during the designing of the project plan may be unfavorable environment at the begging of the project. Therefore, having a project plan preparation at the early stages of the project will help in understanding the current project environment and evaluate whether the environment can be appropriate for the achievement of project goals and objectives. The project plan before the immediate start of the project improves efficiency( Karaman Kurt, 2015, p. 574). When the actual work of the project is about to commence all the necessary resources made available as well as the project team. If the project plan is designed at this stage, it will be able for the project plan team to put into consideration all the critical issues that promote the success of the project as well as the ones that can hinder the realization of the project goals and objectives. Conclusion Based on the argument whether up front plan is important before the beginning of the project based on the positions of the two groups, this paper opts to go for a neutral position. Based on the above discussion, this paper finds out that there are numerous benefits associated with the project plan before the start of the project. On the other side, the paper also finds that projects are prone dynamics and therefore the project plan that was deemed vital for the execution of the project may become a mere document to be kept on the shelves in the event of uncertainties. References Karaman, E. Kurt, M., 2015. Comparison of project management methodologies: Prince 2 versus PMBOK for it projects. Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, 4(4), pp. 572-579. Serrador, P. Pinto, J. K., 2015. Does Agile work? A quantitative analysis of agile. International Journal of Project Management, 3(3), p. 10401051. Abdullah, A. A., Harun, Z. Rahman, H. A., 2011. Planning Process of Development Project in the Malaysian Context: A Crucial Brief Overview. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 1(2), pp. 74-81. Devi, R. T. Reddy, S., 2014. Work Breakdown Structure of the Project. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2(2), pp. 683-686. Gregory, H. T., 2012. Effective Work Breakdown. S.l.: Management Essential Library. Hewagamage, C. Hewagamage, K. P., 2011. Redesigned Framework and Approach for IT Project Management. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 5(3), pp. 89-106. Iivari, J. Iivari, N., 2013. The relationship between organizational culture and the deployment of Agile methods. Information and Software Technology, 5(3), pp. 509-520. Kerzner, H., 2009. Project Management: A System Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. New York: Van Nostrand. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and contex. Int. J. Proj. Manag, 3(1), p. 794803.. Muller, R. Turner, J., 2016. The influence of project managers on project success criteria and project success by type of project. European Management journal, 25(4), pp. 298-309. Munns, A. K. Bjeirmi, B. F., 2012. The role of project management in achieving project success. International Journal of Project Management, 14(2), pp. 81-87. Niranjan, M. P., 2015. Approaching and managing the delivery of a project using Project Management methodologies. Asian Journal of Management Research, 5(3), pp. 451-458. O'Sheedy, D. G., 2012. A study of agile project management methods used for IT implementation projects in small and medium-sized enterprises, Lismore, NSW. : Southern Cross University. Serrado, P. Turner, J., 2013. The impact of the planning phase of project success, Oslo, Norway: s.n. Seymour, T., 2014. The History Of Project Managemen. International Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(4), pp. 233-340. Stare, A., 2014. Agile Project Management in Product Development Projects. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119(19), pp. 295-304.

Web Advertising Essay Example For Students

Web Advertising Essay web advertising web advertising Web Advertising Web advertising, not to mention the Internet itself, finds itself in a stage of relative infancy and therefore provides marketers with novel challenges and situations which need to be dealt with caution . The realm of Web advertising is unchartered terri tory! In terms of South Africa, the country finds itsef somewhat behind technologically. However, this may not prove to be a disadvantage as the uncertain nature of Web advertising may make a policy of watching and learning most viable. What implications will this new technology have for marketing? What is the nature of Web advertising? How can a business use the medium effectively ? Where is all this going ? These questions appear to be most pertinent in the process of understanding interact ive marketing on the Internet. The qualified opinion of John Matthee, a Web site designer employed by Adept Internet (an Internet service provider), was sought in accumulation of a large sum of the following data. This seems appropriate as the novelty of Web advertising at this stage h as led to generral lack of academic data in the practicalities of advertising via this medium. 2) THE INTERNET: AN INTRODUCTION 2.1) Original development of the Internet What was originally created by the US military to provide a secure means of communication in case of nuclear war, which has now become known as the Internet, has metamorphosed into the strategic global communications tool of our era. The end of the cold w ar left this massive installed structure initially dubbed ARPANET- without much of a purpose. Soon universities, major corporations and governments began to piggyback on to the global framework, extending its reach and commercialising it. Known as the N et to aficionados, the Availability of cheap, accessible and easy-to-use Net access points throughout the world has seen the number of global Internet users increase dramatically each month. While the convenience of electronic mail was initial catalyst for Internet growth world wide, its the emergence of the World Wide Web (WWW) multimedia interface that has captured the attention of prospective users across the globe. The resources available on the WWW are as varied as they are extensive. There hundreds of thousands of sites which can be broadly categorised under topics such as sport, entertainment, finance and many more (Perlman, 1996). 2.2) Development of Internet in South Africa Perlman (1996, p 29) ventured that South Africa is major global Internet player. It currently rates in the top 15 in the world terms of Internet growth rates. Local user numbers are certainly fueled by universities, companies and schools. The genesis of South Africas rapid Internet growth seems to stem from UniNet, the Internet service offered to the countries major tertiary institutions and steered from Rhod es University. This explains the phenomenon whereby the majority of local Internet entrepreneurs many of them are und er thirty and already multi-millionaires come from tertiary education backgrounds where they were weaned on readily available Internet access. Popular browser client software for navigating the multimedia WWW includes Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer. On the other end, there exist approximately 30 local companies which call themselves ISPs (Internet Service Providers), which operate in similar fashion to a cellular company such as Vodacom, providing either dial-up connections to the Internet and/or leased line connectivity to companies. This has led to the explosion of a number of related ventures, such as companies who speci alise in producing multimedia web pages (such as Adept Internet), Internet commerce, cable companies and modem suppliers (Perlman, 1996). 2.3) Technological Implications for Marketing Joseph (1996, p. 29) concisely described the situation as such: Marketing, like most business disciplines, is undergoing a period of change as a direct result of the inf ormation revolution. The rapidly declining costs of and increasing power of information processing technology is altering the in which customers and businesses relate to each other. Marketers, however should be cautious not to attempt a quantum leap from more traditional meth ods as this is sure to bring issues such as lack expertise to the fore which could prove disastrous (Steyn, 1996). Essentially, the point is that as a marketing drive, the additional services supplied by technology provides the marketer with the opportunity to gain an edge in the race to win the consumer. More and more, new technology appears to be focusing on the add ition of value. On an individual level, for example, the marketer may use the technology to make himself more accessible to the consumer thus adding to his service levels. A company may realise added value by investing in expensive multimedia kiosks which introduce the subject of interactive marketing (Joseph, 1996). The emergence of new and revol utionary technology forms a double-bladed sword, as it can represent both an opportunity and a threat to the business. In particular, this technology places an interesting and novel challenge on the shoulders of the modern da y marketer. The failure to utilise these developments can put the business at a great competitive disadvantage while even the practical application of the technology can provide major problems caused simply by the novelty of the options, a general lack of expertise and the difficulty of accurate prediction (David, 1997). The process must begin with the individual himself. A marketer who is not pushing the bounds of personal technological progression is most likely not inclined to do the same for the company (Joseph, 1996). Joseph (1996, p.29) concluded that The Internet, multi-faceted appliances and even the creation of new applications for old technology are all the domain of the marketing visionary. 3) THE INTRODUCTION OF INTERACTIVE MARKETING ON THE INTERNET Internationally, the Internet medium is successfully selling everything from nuts and bolts to motorcars, property and traditional mail order products. A pertinent question that arises is: What forces led to either the accidental emergence of interactive marketing on the internet or the realisation of a need for the development of an alternative marketing medium that satisfied specific consumer or marketer needs? Steyn (1996, p.13) introduces the concept of interactive marketing through the words:Interactive marketing uses new technologies to overcome practical database and direct marketing problems whilst building more rewarding customer relationships. From the marketers point of view, interactivity, is the convergence of three main advertising functions or activities: direct marketing, sales promotion and conventional above the line advertising. The developments allowed by interactive marketing throug h the Internet focus mainly on how profitable market segments were identified a nd how these segments were reached. Interactivity allows the opportunity to track individual customers one at a time and to build individual relationships with each. This indic ates the vast benefits that Internet interactivity supply in terms of database formulation, management and utilisation. However, the main challenge that does and will continue to plague advertisers in the future will be persuading the viewer to try the se rvice. Interactivity has three core characteristics: * Offer much more information than a television advertisement. * Requires the conventional copywriting skills combined with those of the direct marketer to turn the browsing viewers into sales prospects. * The emphasis, simply due the nature of the medium, is more likely to be on sales promotion type tools to entice the viewers to visit an ad and then on constantly refreshing the content and creative treatment, to ensure that they revisit it (Steyn, 1996) . The issues of the nature of the Internet as an ad vertising medium and the creation and maintenance of an Internet web site are addressed fully in sections 7) and 6.3) respectively. CD-ROM technology is unique in its ability to combine vital parts of promotion, that is: print, audio and visual messages in a package that can be distributed according to a random access database. (Steyn, 1996). Clever marketers are using the medium to draw buyers closer to their companies as a whole and not just closer to the products or services they provide. This emphasises the advantages interactive marketing provides in terms of creating stronger, more unde rstanding relationships with consumers. The introduction of interactive marketing and specifically interactive advertising heralds the beginning of an era where customers will choose the advertising they wish to see, when they want to see it. This proves to be a hallmark of the contemporary con sumer who is far more informed than his blindly accepting predecessors have been. Consumers of today are evermore demanding personalised attention from businesses that wish to serve them. Furthermore, the very fact that the modern consumer is better infor med fuels his need for informed transactions with businesses. The modern consumer wants to know what product he is buying, what its detailed characteristics are, how he can expect it to perform, what alternatives he is faced with and why he should pay the offered price for it. The nature of interactive marketing on the Internet provides an ideal medium for the satisfaction of the demanding modern day consumer. It is obviously of critical importance that a marketer recognises these needs and develops syste ms for satisfying them, hence, interactive marketing on the Internet. Steyn (1996, p.13) boldly concludes that There is therefore no doubt that interactive marketing is helping to overcome practical database and direct marketing problems while building more rewarding customer relationships. Online shopping Online shopping is an e lement of interactive marketing that has found itself under the spotlight since its recent inception. Virtual retail sites on the Web continue to grow. Some sites are purely promotional while on the other extreme consumers are promised the lowest prices as the product is drop-shipped directly from the manufacturer (Swart, 1996). Anyhow, the Internet as a shopping mall has not enjoyed a favourable reputation as it is seen as a golden opportunity for sophisticated thieves to obtain credit card numbers from the cable. As a result businesses have shied from any Net-based commerce. As a result the Web has been trapped in a form of time warp, usable only as an information medium and not as a transaction medium. Of the thousands of South African companies on the Web, few offer anything more than highly informative web sites which still leave the consumer wondering: I wish the Internet could take me that one step further, SAFELY. However, the tide is swiftly changing due to bold technology and business moves. The improved security and growth if the electronic-commerce infrastructure ha s prompted optimistic projections for the future of interactive online sales. Furthermore, South Africa suffers from an intolerable postal problem and an effective home delivery system would have to be developed for home shopping to be viable (Rath, 1997). However, thoughts of an unrivalled ability to compare products, to be provid ed with product information and to be shown product demonstrations and alternative views will spur the quest for a workable online shopping system with great urgency. Recently a groundbreaking development in online shopping was made by M-Web in collaboration with over a thousand tenants ranging from large corporations such as ABSA to small retailers and service providers. Bruce Cohen, general manager of M-Web interact ive, claims that The M-Web mall is designed to accelerate interest in online shopping by providing a one-stop shopping environment under on vir tual roof. 4) WEB ADVERTISING 4.1) The Nature of Web advertising It is estimated that there is more than five million commercial pages on the Web, more than 100 companies are going online daily and that net-watching has become a dedicated function within more progressive firms. Furthermore, companies that are online are more inclined to use this facility as a means for communicating new product developments (Rath, 1997). In practice, great achievements are being made in the sphere of Web advertising as the initial novelty of the concept wears off and experts in the field become more accustomed to the characteristics and dynamics of the Internet as an advertising tool (J. Matthee, personal communication, 20 April 1998). Nevertheless, the Internet is not yet a proven advertising medium and as such is untested, unregulated and unrefined (Swart.1996). This very situation often results in wise businesses approaching Internet advertising companies that possess the necessary expertise to a dvertise effectively on the Internet. The Internets lack of intrusiveness as a medium (see Section 7) implies that direct marketing requires action by the consumer. In order to induce this required action, an advertiser needs to know his audience intensely in order to be able to entice brows ers to enter the site. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the advertising agency not only to incorporate above-the-line strategies but also to include the below-the-line strategies in all their Internet clients campaigns 4.2) Web advertising Channels The origins of Web advertising are ironically rooted in what many consider as a frustrating method called spamming whereby messages concerning products or business information were sent at random to Internet users e-mail addresses. This crude form of ad vertising can be likened to common junkmail found in a postbox among things of relevance such as personal mail and bills. Things have progresses somewhat and a number of channels have become avai lable to the business interested in Web advertising and rega rdless of which channel is decided upon it is common practice to approach an online agency for aide (J. Matthee, pesonal communication, 20 April 1998). Creating an Electrical Storefront Thousands of businesses have established a home page on the Internet which offer a wide variety of information such as: descriptions of the company and its products; a company catalogue describing products features, availability and prices, company news, opportunities to speak with staff members and the ability to place an order before leaving the site. The main objective of these sites is brand building. Another aim may be to support an event and in this case the page may be temporary. When a company decides to open an electronic storefront it has two choices: 1) The company can open its own store on the Internet through a Web server or; 2) The company can buy a location on commercial online service. The online service will typically desig n the electronic storefront for the company and advertise its addition to the shopping mall for a limited period of time (Kotler, 1997). Participating in Forums, Newsgroups and Bulletin Boards These groups are not designed for commercial purposes especially but participation may improve a companys visibility and credibility. Bulletin boards are specialised online services that centre on a specific topic or group. Forums are discussion groups l ocated on commercial online services and may operate a library, a conference room for real time chatting, and even a classified advertisement directory. Finally, newsgroups are the Internets version of forums, but are limited to people posting and message s on a particular topic, rather than managing libraries or conferencing (Kotler, 1997). Placing Advertisements Online A number of ways exist for companies or individuals or companies who wish to place advertisements on commercial online services. Firstly, major commercial online services offe r an advertisement section for listing classified advertisements whereby the ads are listed according to when they arrived with the most recent arrivals topping the list. Secondly, ads can be placed in certain newsgroups that are set up for commercial purposes. Thirdly, ads can be placed on online billboards. This method can be irrit ating to the browser because the advertisements appear while subscribers are using the service even though they did not request an ad (Kotler, 1997). A fourth option is to hire an advertising agency to create and place an advertisement at a popular site on the Web, similar to buying timeslots on a television channel. Advertising on search engines such as Lycos and Yahoo also proves to be effective although very expensive (J. Matthee, personal communication, 20 April 1998). Using E-mail A company can encourage prospects and customers to send questions, suggestions, and even complaints to the company, using the company using the companies E-mail address. Customer service representatives can respond to the customers in a short time via E-m ail (Kotler, 1997). 5) WEB ADVERTISING DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA In South Africa, the Internet is still restricted to very niched market providing companies with the chance to exploit this opportunity and build a database of visitors to their site. This situation is quite obviously attributable to the economics of Sout h Africas social class structure. This is an advantage because marketers can use this information to create accurate profiles of the visitors to their site and develop personalised advertising efforts, which are especially crucial in the sphere of Web ad vertising. Currently, in South Africa, Computicket (http://www.computicket.com) has taken the lead in online bookings although services that are provided by Computicket naturally lean towards the use of the Internet as a medium (Douvos, 1996). David Frankel of Internet Solutions summed up the South African situation neatly by sayin g that . People are still getting their hands around it the Internet and working out how to make money out of it. I dont think that anyone is doing so at prese nt in South Africa, although a lot of people are trying. IS-Commercial a division Internet Solutions scored a South African first in 1996 in the development of a software engine that searched only South African Web resources. This introduced a new aspect to Web advertising in South Africa as it means that local Web users no longer have to sift through a colossal amount of topical hypertext links from around the globe. Advertising on the South African Web has surely benefited from this development which makes South African relevant material far more accessible a nd therefore implies increases Web site hit rates. The search engine that was developed is called Ananzi and is currently the second most hit Web site in the country. Advertisers now have the opportunity of placing an icon on this page which immediately g ives them a f ormidable brand prescience (Williams, 1997). A host of Web page advertising companies have sprung up in South Africa, including an upstart from Port Elizabeth, called Web Advertising, which have succeeded in forming a technology and capability sharing association with the United States advertising a gency Web advertising (Perlman, 1996). After unprecedented growth in the Internet in 1996, The Loerie awards included a new category in 1997 dedicated to Web creativity and corporate use of the Internet. 6) WEB ADVERTISING AND THE BUSINESS 6.1) Introduction Companies are increasingly recognising the importance of applying a full-systems perspective in using their communication tools. The aim is to set the overall communication budget and the right allocation of funds to each communication tool. Web advertis ing is becoming a more and more vital component of a firms advertising budget and therefore demands sensible and rational consideration and planning. The dynamics and relative novelty of Web advertising makes it crucial that the progressive business, which is proposing a Web advertising campaign, draw up a comprehensive advertising program. It is vital for organisations that are considering an Internet marketing strategy to effectively coordinate each component. The bottomline is that organisations are putting themselves into the global marketplace. It is thus important for people to be crit ical of what works well and what meets their need with an Internet marketing strategy (Perlman, 1996). By using the standard advertising program process (Kotler, 1997) as a base, it is simple to outline the characteristics of the Internet which a business must take into consideration when planning a Web advertising campaign. The various steps involved in t he process of planning an advertising program are depicted in section 5.2.1 below and the specific characteristics of the Internet are superimposed into this framework in section 5.2.2 through section 5.2.7. 6.2) Developin g and Managing an Advertising Program 6.2.1) Introduction to the Advertising Program Process In developing an advertising program, marketing managers must always start by identifying the target market and buyer motives. This applies, perhaps even more so, to the new advertising alternative represented by the Internet. The next step is to make fiv e major decisions in developing an advertising campaign, known as the five Ms: * Mission: What are the advertising objectives? * Money: How much can be spent? * Message: What message should be sent? * Media: What media should be used? * Measurement: How should the results be evaluated? 6.2.2) SWOT Analysis This step is a necessity when studying the feasibility of any intended business proposition and when the planning of that operation takes place. It involves a study of the firms internal strengths and weaknesses as well as the external opportunities and threats presented by circumstances in the environment. Web advertising provides a spec ial challenge to marketers and planners due to its relative infancy, which brings previously un-encountered circumstances to the fore. In terms of internal strengths and weaknesses, it is common practice at this stage in Web advertising for businesses to approach Internet service providers such as Adept Internet to manage the intricacies of advertising on the Internet. Therefore, issues concerning ability to actually place an effective advertisement on the Internet are shifted to specialised companies. According to Trafex managing director David Pegg few organisations have the technical skills and financial resources to establish a nd manage a sophisticated private trading network. It makes sense for companies to focus on their core business and let experts look after their trading partner connections. The study of external threats and opportunities in Web advertising largely involves market analysis and the attempt to identify the companys typical customer, how they can be enticed to visit the companys web site and how they can convinced to keep on v isiting the web site. Web site design companies and dedicated tracing companies who try to check the demographics of a visitor to site are coming to the fore, creating an entirely new industries in the process (Perlman, 1996). Research in South Africa cla ssifies the Web user base as a niche, particularly from the point of view that the users tend to share characteristics that make them a targetable segment. Profile of the model Web user: Internet surfers would certainly be considered technologically progr essive, innovators and early-adopters. In terms of demographic profiles, the mean age of users worldwide is around 35 years, with approximately 50% having tertiary education and mostly earning A incomes. Male users have outnumbered female users in the pas t but gender parity has recently been reached (Rath, 1997). 6.2.3) Advertising objectives It is not uncommon with the advent of the Internet and the advertis ing possibilities that it provides that many companies become rash in their plans for Web advertising. This can be disastrous without first analysing the objectives of a promotion via the web. The essence of the medium is still to be assessed in relation to the way business can be conducted. 6.2.4) How much can be spent? The direct set up costs to the marketer are likely to be in excess of R100 000 for an above-average site but, further to this cost, are costs if site maintenance, enhancements and server storage. The direct and indirect costs of Web site development are t herefore not insignificant, requiring considerable capital, time and energy to establish and to keep it alive (Rath, 1997). Smaller scale businesses, for example a coffee shop such as Fandango in Stellenbosch, which wishes to utilise Web advertising, can expect to pay from R1000 for web site design. A site such as this could be linked to four other sites and also requires cons tant maintenance which often entails h igher costs than the development of the Web site (J. Matthee, personal communication, 20 April 1998). 6.2.5) Message It should be stressed that Internet site development is part of the marketing function and does not fall within the realm of the Information Technology Department. Management is often tempted to allow the IT department to create a Web site because it woul d seem to offer the most cost-effective solution. However, the sites that have been designed by programmers are notable for their lack of creativity and generally do not entice the viewer. This, in essence, revolves around the question of the Web sites me ssage (Rath, 1997). The principles that apply to media such as television and radio are generally applicable to message formulation on a Web site although valuable information that is dynamic seems to be the key (J. Matthee, personal communication, 20 April 1998). 6.2.6) Medium The Internet as an advertising medium has a number of inherent advantages and disadvantag es which are discussed in section 7. 6.2.7) Measure and Evaluate Performance To quantify a Web sites contribution to revenue is often quite difficult. Where sales are generated more-or-less directly off the Net, the companys return on investment is a matter of simple arithmetic. However, where the company provides an added value service via the Net, the sites contribution to the bottom line is far less easy to quantify (Rath, 1997). In terms of actual Web site design effectiveness, processes are still largely undefined. Many online organisations do exist, however, that monitor and provide Web site statistics, namely number of hits and how for how long visitors stayed at the site, for a fee (J. Matthee, personal communication, 20 April 1998). Furthermore, information can be obtained detailing the demographics of visitors to a Web sit although this is more difficult. This can enable a company to measure the Web sites effectiveness in terms of reaching the companys target market. It is quite c ommon now for the Web itself to be used for research purposes with companies asking Web users for personal responses to products, sites and messages. This also provides feedback on the sites effectiveness and facilitates corrective action. 6.3) The Web site Itself 6.3.1) Web site Design Web site design is very much a grey area in terms of the fact that Web advertising is a relatively new addition to a business choice of promotional alternatives. However, guidelines do exist which can increase the chance of web site effectiveness. These i nclude questions such as: Who would use our service or product; how likely is our target market to be on the Net and who understands the culture of this new medium to create a site that encapsulates the brand, the culture and the practicality of web adver tising. Other aspects are the understanding of the need to employ the expertise of a company that specializes in design for an interactive medium. Incorporating a wealth of useful informat ion, interactive games and an ease of navigation through the site have also proved to increase Web site effectiveness (Joseph, 1997). Experience and creativity are most definitely necessary characteristics of a Web site designer who is usually employed by an Internet service provider such as Adept Internet. Feedback via methods that are mentioned in section 5.2.7 above could provide in dications of responses to Web site design. Once again, the principles applied in the television, radio and print media all apply to the design of a Web site. Fundamentals of consumer behaviour and psychology should be understood by anybody attempting to u ndertake commercial Web site design (J. Matthee, personal communication, 20 April 1998). 6.3.2) Web Site Maintenance As with any medium of advertising, an inferior display can be detrimental to a firms image. However, Web site maintenance due to its reliance on a newly developed technology must receive special attention. This explains why a company m ay induce greater expenditure in the maintenance of a Web site than in the actual design and creation of the sit e. Maintenance of a Web site has two implications: Firstly, information supplied by the site must be dynamic, that is, it must be updated regularly in order to draw browsers on the Net to revisit the site; secondly, the site must be checked regularly to e nsure that no errors have occurred in the content as a result of any damage to data for instance (J. Matthee, personal communication, 20 April 1998). An example of the second problem is clearly demonstrated by the printout of the coffee shop Fandangos We b site in which the main picture failed to load. See figure 1 in section 5.4 below. (Take note: John Matthee, who originally designed the site and who, as an employee of Adept Internet, is hired to handle the maintenance of the site, has since rectified the problem.) 6.4) Profiles of Examples Example1: Fandango The Fandango Web site provides an example of the importance of site maintenance. See figure 1. Example2: SAA This provides a successful example of advertising by means of putting up an entire site which serves a brand building exercise. The airlines site took all-important factors outlined above in section 5.3.1 into consideration and the result is self-evident. The site won the prestigious Magellan award which is contested for by two million sites. 7.) THE INTERNET AS AN ADVERTISING MEDIUM 7.1) Advantages . The demographics of the average Internet surfer are attractive enough to warrant their inclusion as an important niche market (Rath, 1997). The Web can be transformed into a research tool, a brand builder and an advertising medium in one swoop, something not offered by other media (Joseph, 1996). Furthermore, unlike other media where the advertising agency is the only link between the client and the media owner, the Web allows the client to become the media owner. From the companys point of view, by buying into the technology itself, a c ompany ha s the ability to enter the world of cyber marketing without the intervention of any intermediaries. Yet another competitive advantage of this medium is that it provides advertisers with reassuringly detailed demographics about who actually saw their advertisement, turning it into a marketing research as well as an advertising medium (Williams, 1996). Interactive media can operate in territories not covered by a vendors sales force. It can bring the showroom and the sales pitch to the buyers remote locations simply by dropping it in the post. 7.2) Disadvantages Lack of Intrusiveness The persuasive elements of the Internet advertisement usually lie at least one click away from the users current location and this requires the user to be sufficiently interested in the product or intrigued by the advertisement banner to click the to the advert. Limitations of Banners The Web has primarily been used for the presentation of text and graphics onto fairly small computer screens. Th is size limitation restricts the conventional Web ad to a banner asking the user to click here for more information. This in turn provides en dless creative restrictions (McDonald, 1997). Radical Fragmentation It is very difficult for any given site to draw enough attention to itself to attract an audience large enough to matter to an advertiser. 8) WEB ADVERTISING SCENARIOS FOR THE NEAR TERM FUTURE Scenario #1: Web site Shakeout There are good reasons to question whether the Web advertising pie will prove large enough to support the numerous commercial Web sites that are counting on it for sustenance. Recent reports that some publishers are scaling back their web publishing ambit ions, or shutting down sites altogether lend credence to the notion that there will be significant shakeout as commercial Web sites fail for lack of a viable business model (McDonald, 1997). Scenario #2:Advertising-content hybrids Advertisers who do not sell their products directly to consumers but still want to find a way to participate in interactive media will revert to a model that prevailed in the early days of television sponsorship. By sponsoring a site that consumers value, the advertiser will hope to build positive associations for the brand. The communication limitations of banners will be overcome by surrounding content with imagery related to the sponsoring brand. Where practical sponsor-friendly content will be interle aved will brand-neutral content. Though there will be some reaction against this hybridisation on the part of media critics and consumers alike, the form will probably still flourish as the digital equivalent of the infomercial (McDonald, 1997). Scenario#3: Internet service providers provoke privacy whiplash New generations of Internet service provider will emerge that will provide an extraordinarily sophisticated database that captures information on how individual subscribers use the Internet. This will enable the marketer to customise communications ba ck into the box in the subscribers home and hereby the Web will be able to live up to its promises of one-to-one marketing (McDonald, 1997). Scenario#4: Advertisements get detached from the media Marketers will be able to sent targeted information to subscribers on their past Web usage patterns regardless of what current Web sites they are visiting. In effect, they will be able to sell the audience to advertising directly without the intermediary of the media (McDonald, 1997). 9) CONCLUSION The Internets Multimedia arm, the World Wide Web, can support both consumer marketing and trade marketing objectives. The Web is where all the commercial activity and its importance as a new medium has been recognised to the extent that it will be measure d in all US media research from this year. The Web provides a company with access to a global audience of consumers in their millions, and also to a very wide range of companies (Rath, 1997) The Internet has provided marketers with exciting and challenging advertising prospects. There will undoubtedly be many lessons to be learned in the near-future concerning the intracacies and quirks of the medium. South Africa is technologically equipped to make full use of the Internets capabilities and South African marketers are provided with an opportunity to prove themselves to a very viable Internet market. In conclusion , the future of the Internet and Web advertising can be encapsulated through the words of John Matthee bigger and better, bigger and better. 10) References 1. David, F . R (1997). Concepts of Strategic Management (6th ed.) . New Jersey : Prentice Hall 2. Direct Marketing . Supplement 96. Marketing Mix; Vol. 14, lss 6, p 1 43, Jul.; 1996 3. Douvos, E. Net Sales Marketing Mix; Vol. 14, lss 7, p14, Aug., 1996 4. Hopkins, B. Beyond direct marketing. Market Mix; Vol. 14, lss 7,p10, Aug. 1996 5. Joseph, E, The wonderful wired world of Marketing; Internet: Technology. Marketing Mix, Vol. 14. Iss 7, p28 29, 31, 33 -34 , Aug., 1996 6. Kotler, P, (1997). Marketing Management (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall 7. Perlman,L. You get what you pay for: the bandwidth wars; Internet solution packages: Bundled solutions; If youve got it flaunt it: advertising: Internet. Finance week; Vol. 69; Iss 11, p 32, 34, June 13, 1996. 8. Rath, B. Marketing on the Web: net return. Marketing mix. Vol. 14, lss 3, p 88 -89, APR, 1996. 9. Styen , C. Introducing interactive. Marketing Mix. Vol. 14, Iss 7, p 14 Aug. 1996. 10. Swart, D. Techno Blitz. Marketing Mix; Vol. 14, lss 7, p 11. Aug., 1996 11. Williams F, Interview: David Frankel MD. at the Internet Solution Marketing Mix. Vol. 14, Iss 6, p 30 31, July , 1996 Bibliography References 1. David, F . R (1997). Concepts of Strategic Management (6th ed.) . New Jersey : Prentice Hall 2. Direct Marketing . Supplement 96. Marketing Mix; Vol. 14, lss 6, p 1 43, Jul.; 1996 3. Douvos, E. Net Sales Marketing Mix; Vol. 14, lss 7, p14, Aug., 1996 4. Hopkins, B. Beyond direct marketing. Market Mix; Vol. 14, lss 7,p10, Aug. 1996 5. Joseph, E, The wonderful wired world of Marketing; Internet: Technology. Marketing Mix, Vol. 14. Iss 7, p28 29, 31, 33 -34, Aug., 1996 6. Kotler, P, (1997). Marketing Management (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall 7. Perlman,L. You get what you pay for: the bandwidth wars; Internet solution packages: Bundled solutions; If youve got it flaunt it: advertising: Internet. Finance week; Vol. 69; Iss 11, p 32, 34, June 13, 1996. 8. Rath, B. Marketing on the Web: net return. Marketing mix. Vol. 14, lss 3, p 88 -89, APR, 1996. 9. Styen , C. Introducing interactive. Marketing Mix. Vol. 14, Iss 7, p 14 Aug. 1996. 10. Swart, D. Techno Blitz. Marketing Mix; Vol. 14, lss 7, p 11. Aug., 1996 11. Williams F, Interview: David Frankel MD. at the Internet Solution Marketing Mix. Vol. 14, Iss 6, p 30 31, July , 1996 Word Count: 5817 Miscellaneous .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c , .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .postImageUrl , .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c , .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c:hover , .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c:visited , .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c:active { border:0!important; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c:active , .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3d76b9c704bc422d1499c8daec0c057c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 12 Angry Men Essay We will write a custom essay on Web Advertising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

The Graduated Driver License essays

The Graduated Driver License essays The Graduated Driver License (GDL) is a law that is aimed to reduce teen driving deaths. This law goes into affect July 1, 2001. The new driving law is made up of 3 main restrictions. These parts are: 1. For the first six months after issuance of an Intermediate Drivers License, the holder of the license may not have any passengers in the car under the age of 20, except for members of the holders immediate family. 2. After the first six months, the holder may not have more than three passengers in the car under the age of 20, except for members of the holders immediate family. 3. The holder of an Intermediate Drivers License may not operate a vehicle between the hours of 1 a.m. and 5 a.m. except when the holder is accompanied by a parent, guardian, or a licensed driver who is at least twenty-five years of age. These restrictions remain on a driver with the Intermediate Drivers License until they are 18 or if after the first 12 months the holder has not been involved in an automobile accident and has not committed or been convicted of traffic offenses or violations of the license restrictions. The Graduated Driver License law is an infringement on civil rights. Our country has a history of refusing the rights of its people. African Americans were not allowed to sit in the front of a public bus, they were not allowed to use restrooms that were reserved for the White population, and they were not allowed to vote. All of these laws and policies were placed on them because it was believed that African Americans were a lesser people, they were considered inferior to the Caucasian race. Our history also teaches that women were once considered to be less then men. They could not own land; if they had inherited land and married, their husband was immediately given ownership of their lands. All the children a woman gave birth to were considered the property of ...

Crisis management and its increasing importance in international Literature review - 1

Crisis management and its increasing importance in international operations - Literature review Example Crisis can also be referred to as the critical phase of a situation. It is essentially a time of instability which is soon to see a decisive change that may result into a highly undesirable outcome or an extremely positive product. Executives that are able to estimate and plan for this change in the organization increases his/her tendency to capitalize on the opportunity hidden therein in comparison to the executives that allow the crisis to approach them unprepared. Thus in contrast to the conventional understanding of a crisis, it may be an opportunity rather than a threat. Nevertheless, a crisis is always characterized by a certain level of uncertainty and risk. Crisis management deals with minimization of risk in the uncertainty with a view to providing an individual or an organization with increased control over the circumstances and exercising the function of management leadership. According to Fink (1986), a crisis consists of four distinct stages namely, the stage of prodroma l crisis, the stage of acute crisis, the stage of chronic crisis, and the stage of crisis resolution. In the anatomy of crisis, these four stages are always existent and unchanged. A business manager who recognizes each of these stages gains the competency to address issues of huge organizational significance. In order to make a proactive approach towards intervention, a manager needs to recognize the prodrome. All crises may not necessarily comprise all four stages, though they are present in a vast majority of major crises. If there is a warning stage, that is essentially the prodromal stage of crisis. A prodrome may become hard to recognize at times and may be evident at other times, though if the required action is not taken in time, it may lead to the occurrence of an acute crisis. In a vast majority of cases, when no action is taken, it is a result of obsessive decision making or analysis paralysis within the company. It is the ease with which a crisis can be managed in the st age of prodrome that makes it very important. If the problem is taken care of before its conversion into acute, the process becomes more convenient and reliable. The whole West is a warren of interconnected transmission lines. The power grid in the West is the largest machine that man has ever made – stretching from Canada to Mexico, from the Pacific Coast to the western front of the Rockies †¦ But like any machine, like your lawnmower or your computer or your car, it is susceptible to breakdown. (Hotz and Clifford cited in Mitroff and Anagnos, 2001, p. 12). There is no turning back at the acute stage of crisis in crisis management in many respects. As soon as the organization enters the stage of acute crisis from the prodromal stage and the warnings end up, the ground thus lost can almost never be recovered, though a firm can minimize additional damage by taking necessary actions in time. The key to success is controlling the crisis to the maximum extent. If it seems im possible to control the acute crisis, the management should then try to influence the origin, time, and way of eruption of the crisis. One of the most fundamental challenges that managers encounter while dealing with the crisis in the acute stage despite being ready for it is the intensity and enormity of speed that is often an essential characteristic of the acute stage of crisis. The kind of crisis determines the speed and the value of probable results determines the intensity of this stage.

Financial management of channel tunnel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial management of channel tunnel - Essay Example Eurotunnel was mainly financed by bank loans from a large consortium of over 100 European and Japanese banks. Eurotunnel also raised substantial amounts of equity in four public offerings during the construction of the Tunnel, mainly from small shareholders in France and the UK. The marketing of the shares was pitched towards small shareholders. In the end, the Channel Tunnel costs about 10 billion to build (compared with initial estimates 8 years earlier of about 5 billion). Of this 10 billion, 8 billion was raised in debt from banks and 2 billion in equity. The last fund-raising exercise took place in May 1994, just 2 months before the new services were to begin, when 800 million of new equity and 700 million of debt was raised to get the project finished and up and running. By then the banks and many shareholders were very nervous about the costs and delays to the project and the prospects of recouping their investment. Eurotunnel shareholders have seen their investment crumble by around 90% since the company went public in 1987. Construction costs spiralled and revenues fell short of forecasts, leaving the company struggling with debts of 9bn (6.4bn). Shareholders have never been paid a dividend. The UK government has already made it clear that there can be no question of any public money for Eurotunnel, and there is no change in that position. Eurotunnel shareholders are mostly French private investors. But it said it could not afford to do so without help in cutting the burden of repayments on debts which it ran up during vast cost over-runs on the tunnel's construction in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Euro tunnel begs for rescue plan (Clark, 2004)2. 2. Andrew, Clark, (2004) Guardian, retrieved from the website on 19th Feb' 06. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/) Financial Management of Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) is the largest civil engineering infrastructure project currently being constructed in the UK with a budget of 5.3 billion (S$14.8 billion). The Project is split into two sections. Section 1, 70 km long from the Channel Tunnel to Fawkham Junction in North Kent is scheduled for completion and operational running of Eurostar trains by September 2003. Section 2, 39 km long, completes the Link from North Kent to St Pancras in central London and is programmed to be operational in January 2007 (Davies and Joy, 2004)2. The London & Continental Railways Limited (LCR) was awarded the contract to build the CTRL in February 1996 and to run the British arm of the Eurostar International train service (Eurostar UK). Initially, LCR proposed to fund the construction of the link from private finance through debt and equity raised on the back of future revenue from Eurostar, UK and from direct government grants. This overtly optimistic plan backfired and LCR abandoned its plans to raise private finance and approached the Department for additional grants in return for a share of future profits. After reviewing the options, the department of transport decided to restructure the existing deal with LCR. In 1998, the government set out the principles of a negotiated restructuring which enhanced public